Provides the general mechanism beneath the difference between a single batch event and a staged or continuous separation system.
The opening chapter distinguishes operating modes before any ideal-mixture mathematics is introduced.
Simple and flash distillation divide a feed into vapor-enriched and liquid-enriched fractions but do not by themselves yield near-pure components. Multistage rectification instead sends vapor and liquid countercurrently through repeated contact, with rectifying and stripping sections, so successive mass transfer can produce much sharper separation.
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1.1–1.3, Principles and modes of distillation
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