Supports a disciplined separation between equilibrium data, mass-transfer kinetics, and simplified ideal-mixture assumptions.
These sections establish the physical quantities used throughout the rest of the book.
Distillation behavior follows the joint constraints of mass balance and vapor–liquid equilibrium. Ideal-mixture calculations may use Raoult’s law and relative volatility, while real mixtures require activity coefficients and may show composition-dependent volatility; mass-transfer rates add another layer between equilibrium potential and actual equipment performance.
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3.1–3.3, Mass balance, vapor–liquid equilibria, and mass transfer
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