Researcher paraphrase of the section's central contribution; detailed qualifications and corrections are in the related Literature Note.
Printed pp. 48–65; physical PDF 53–70.
Separation reflects vapor–liquid contact and operating conditions; copper adds location-dependent chemistry that cannot be reduced to plate count or still silhouette.
65
48
Reflux, Stages, Geometry, and Copper Contact
Located in the user-supplied scan during complete reading; all page thumbnails and selected detailed figures checked. Verified describes faithful source location, not blanket factual endorsement.
Separation reflects vapor–liquid contact and operating conditions; copper adds location-dependent chemistry that cannot be reduced to plate count or still silhouette.
Locator: printed pp. 48–65; PDF 53–70.
Reflux returns condensed liquid to meet rising vapor. Increasing reflux can change separation while reducing takeoff or increasing time and energy per unit of output. For whiskey, greater ethanol enrichment is not automatically a better sensory result. The intended new-make character defines the useful compromise.
This is original paraphrase, not a direct quotation. See the linked note for critical assessment and course application.