Pairs with the beer-sensor chapter to support a general evidence rule for analytical models. Prediction error applies within the study's reference domain; instrument response is not sensory quality, universal authentication or proof of chronological age.
The chapter reviews fortified-wine methods including UV-visible, FTIR, volatile, phenolic, and other analytical data. Results cannot be generalized across categories without new validation.
Fast analytical methods and chemometric models can assist age or classification prediction, but performance depends on product-specific reference samples, preprocessing, validation, and known uncertainty; instrumental profiles complement rather than replace sensory assessment.
455
442
Chapter 13, §§13.3–13.4, Emerging Trends in Fortified Wines
Fresh whole-volume review September 28–29, 2026. Printed 442–455; PDF 467–480. Prediction error applies within the study's reference domain; instrument response is not sensory quality, universal authentication or proof of chronological age.
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