Equipment and Processes — Actual contact and theoretical stages

Tray contact and continuous contact in packing are related to ideal stages through efficiency or HETP; packing performance also depends on wetting and liquid distribution.

6

5

Chapter 1; printed 5–6; PDF 20–21

Reconciled during full supplied-volume review, PDF1–361. Existing printed/PDF locators and paraphrase retained. All relevant figures/tables examined; source page records numerical/editorial inconsistencies. Verified means fidelity to this source, not independent validation of correlations or whiskey sensory effects.