Academy proposal: observe interface operation separately from sensory knowledge; preserve state and provide correction routes.
Selected contiguous themes within a fully read361-sheet reflowed PDF. Nonliteral process model and illustrative cases.
Norman distinguishes planning and performing an action from perceiving, interpreting and comparing its result. Design should make options, state and recovery intelligible rather than attributing every difficulty to the user.
232
58
Action cycle58–65;designquestions91–92;slips/mistakes187–202;recovery218–232
Paraphrase/locators checked against supplied book. Verified attribution does not establish every causal claim or Academy effectiveness.
Evidence Boundary
Source-grounded paraphrase, not a direct quotation. Full critical treatment and eight proposed applications are in the linked Literature Note. Figures explain models rather than reporting an Academy experiment.
