Use with the complete critical Literature Note; Academy applications are proposals, not validated outcomes.
Tables340–343 and photos337/339/349–359 visually checked. Toast and char terminology is blurred. Oxygen estimates and lactone threshold multipliers must not be transferred to whiskey. Block permeability does not establish whole-vessel performance.
Wood species, growth environment, cooper practice, seasoning and heating interact. Reused wood changes extraction; clay and concrete introduce lining, firing, shape, oxygen and thermal differences. The author acknowledges much alternative-vessel evidence remains anecdotal.
PDF sheet 359
PDF sheet 337
Fresh full reading of417supplied PDF sheets, visual survey417/417 and45detail-page inspections. Locators refer to this reflowed copy, not print pagination; primary experiments not independently replicated.
Evidence
Wood species, growth environment, cooper practice, seasoning and heating interact. Reused wood changes extraction; clay and concrete introduce lining, firing, shape, oxygen and thermal differences. The author acknowledges much alternative-vessel evidence remains anecdotal.
Scope and limitations
Tables340–343 and photos337/339/349–359 visually checked. Toast and char terminology is blurred. Oxygen estimates and lactone threshold multipliers must not be transferred to whiskey. Block permeability does not establish whole-vessel performance.