Shows both why reflux sharpens separation and why minimum-flow operation is not a finite practical design point.
The binary-column analysis connects reflux, operating lines, limiting conditions, and required separation height.
At partial reflux, rectifying and stripping sections have distinct operating lines and limiting flow ratios. Approaching a minimum reflux or corresponding stripping limit causes a pinch in which the driving force collapses and an infinite number of stages or transfer units would be required.
49
45
4.1.2–4.1.3.2, Partial reflux and limiting flow ratios
PDF sheet range checked against the extracted text and rendered-page review. This is an original researcher paraphrase, not a verbatim quotation.
Capture evidence faithfully. Select one Source, record a usable locator, and preserve enough surrounding context to prevent misquotation.
Evidence
The evidence is recorded as an original researcher paraphrase in Excerpt Text; no verbatim passage or protected figure is reproduced.
Location and context
Locator Type, Locator Start, Locator End, and Source Section identify the recoverable PDF-sheet range. Context records the surrounding analytical role.
Annotation
Annotation states why the evidence matters. Approved Tags, the canonical Source, the Literature Note, Claims, and the paired Citation are connected through properties.