Retain the qualitative equilibrium explanation with explicit restrictions. The source confuses azeotrope mass percent with volume percent; NIST SRM1828 archived certificate describes ethanol-water azeotrope as95.629 weight percent. Equilibrium vapor composition is not the average yield/composition from an entire batch run. Do not reproduce Figure3.1.2 as calibrated ABV data.
General distillation theory explains why alcohol concentration arises from phase equilibrium and staged separation rather than a simple difference between nominal boiling points.
The chapter explains separation through vapor-liquid equilibrium and successive vaporization/condensation. For ethanol-water mixtures below the azeotropic composition, vapor is enriched in ethanol relative to the liquid, with enrichment declining toward the azeotrope. The source's numerical designation of 95.6% as ABV is excluded from this retained paraphrase.
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459
Chapter 3.1, §3.1.1, A Brief History and Theory of Distillation
Fresh reading of PDF476–478 (printed459–461), including equations and figures, completed. Legacy95.6ABV paraphrase corrected; section corrected from nonexistent3.1.4 to3.1.1. NIST cross-check: https://tsapps.nist.gov/srmext/certificates/archives/1828.pdf . Verification here concerns the narrowed paraphrase and locator. September 28 fresh review now covers all 1185 supplied sheets, including references, appendices, glossary, index and back cover, with443 detail-page inspections. Full reading does not upgrade this secondary passage into independent primary validation.
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