Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
The essay contrasts organic-material and medical uses with metallurgical interests, discusses al-Razi's practical orientation and Ibn Umayl's allegorical tradition, and distinguishes Avicenna's position from a spurious alchemical De anima.
Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF pp. 5–6. Analytical paraphrase; Preserve the author’s distinctions among named people, later attributed texts and different traditions. Sulfur–mercury theory and elixir aims are historical explanatory systems, not recommended processes.
Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF pp. 5–6.
PDF 6
PDF 5
Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF pp. 5–6.
Divergent Islamic alchemical traditions
Ready means the supplied artifact and locator can be recovered, not independent validation or publication approval. Japanese text visually read; no exact translation/quotation cleared. Exact supplied-edition date unverified; 2001 refers to related article lineage only.
No access / Whiskey Citations & Footnotes Database (USWA)
Citation-ready reference to the preserved supplied artifact; not publication approval.
Source and locator
No access · 
Supplied PDF 5–6; Divergent Islamic alchemical traditions.
Formatted outputs
Full citation: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF pp. 5–6.
Short citation: Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF pp. 5–6.
Footnote: Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF pp. 5–6. Analytical paraphrase; Preserve the author’s distinctions among named people, later attributed texts and different traditions. Sulfur–mercury theory and elixir aims are historical explanatory systems, not recommended processes.
Bibliography: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
Usage map
No public History placement or active manuscript use claimed. Native relations connect the supplied artifact, evidence and analysis.