Exact PDF-sheet citations and verified paraphrase excerpts are connected from Vogelpohl (2021).
A theoretical stage assumes outgoing vapor and liquid are in equilibrium; physical trays and packing require efficiency or transfer-height corrections, so theoretical-stage count cannot be read directly as hardware count.
Verified against the full extracted text and rendered-page review; scope remains general distillation theory.
Efficiency is mixture- and equipment-dependent; source offers general estimates, not whiskey-column measurements.
Supported by Vogelpohl’s unified distillation framework and explicit discussion of model limits, limiting flows, product feasibility, and practical design tradeoffs.
Created during full-source processing of Vogelpohl (2021); ready for exact locator linkage, but whiskey-specific application remains qualified.