Do not treat a successful numerical solution as empirical validation or convert mole fractions directly into ABV.
Chapter-level engineering discussion by Jürgen Gmehling and Michael Kleiber; paraphrase of printed pp. 46–60.
Vapor–liquid equilibrium depends on component fugacities and mixture interactions. Activity-coefficient or equation-of-state models require suitable parameters; nonideal mixtures may form azeotropes that simple boiling-point ordering cannot predict.
60
46
Chapter 2: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Physical Properties for Distillation. Printed pages; chapter begins at original PDF 65.
Paraphrase checked against the supplied PDF text. Verification establishes source fidelity, not independent validation of every author claim or numerical equation.
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Evidence
Vapor–liquid equilibrium depends on component fugacities and mixture interactions. Activity-coefficient or equation-of-state models require suitable parameters; nonideal mixtures may form azeotropes that simple boiling-point ordering cannot predict.
Location and context
Jürgen Gmehling and Michael Kleiber. Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Physical Properties for Distillation, printed pp. 46–60. Chapter original PDF pages 65–115. This is an original paraphrase, not a quotation.
Annotation
Do not treat a successful numerical solution as empirical validation or convert mole fractions directly into ABV.
Verification
Source text checked; locator and source relation present. Source fidelity is verified, not every underlying claim independently established.
