Arnaldus de Villa Nova's role and the Pliny quotation are secondary historical attributions. Legal minima, blend rules and regional claims are unrefreshed. Exposed-glass and cask ageing are wine-production descriptions, not instructions for the whiskey pilot.
Full-source second-edition wine/blind-tasting review; supplied PDF positions, not printed pagination.
The VDN section distinguishes arresting fermentation from fortifying unfermented must, then profiles Rivesaltes, Banyuls, Maury, Saint-Jean-de-Minervois and Beaumes de Venise. Variety, oxidation and ageing account for different fresh, nutty, dried-fruit or rancio styles, not the word fortified alone.
258
256
French fortified wines distinguish mutage from unfermented mistelles
Paraphrase checked against the supplied text and rendered page images. Verified means source fidelity, not independent validation of every claim or applicability to whiskey.
No access / Whiskey Excerpts Database (USWA)
Source-faithful paraphrase; not a direct quotation or independent scientific verification.
Source and locator
No access; supplied PDF positions 256–258. French fortified wines distinguish mutage from unfermented mistelles.
Paraphrase
The VDN section distinguishes arresting fermentation from fortifying unfermented must, then profiles Rivesaltes, Banyuls, Maury, Saint-Jean-de-Minervois and Beaumes de Venise. Variety, oxidation and ageing account for different fresh, nutty, dried-fruit or rancio styles, not the word fortified alone.
Context and limitations
Arnaldus de Villa Nova's role and the Pliny quotation are secondary historical attributions. Legal minima, blend rules and regional claims are unrefreshed. Exposed-glass and cask ageing are wine-production descriptions, not instructions for the whiskey pilot.
Connections
Literature note 