Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
Hirai connects distillation to earlier Alexandrian practice, glass and pottery apparatus, and knowledge absorbed across Greek, Syriac, Persian and Islamic contexts. He describes pharmaceutical and perfume uses, regional aromatic-water production and Salerno's later reception.
Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF pp. 2–3. Analytical paraphrase; These are attributed secondary historical syntheses. Apparatus, aromatic-water production, distilled alcohol and drinkable whiskey are separate propositions. Chinese-elixir influence remains an attributed interpretation.
Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF pp. 2–3.
PDF 3
PDF 2
Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF pp. 2–3.
Cross-cultural craft and pharmaceutical context
Ready means the supplied artifact and locator can be recovered, not independent validation or publication approval. Japanese text visually read; no exact translation/quotation cleared. Exact supplied-edition date unverified; 2001 refers to related article lineage only.
No access / Whiskey Citations & Footnotes Database (USWA)
Citation-ready reference to the preserved supplied artifact; not publication approval.
Source and locator
No access · 
Supplied PDF 2–3; Cross-cultural craft and pharmaceutical context.
Formatted outputs
Full citation: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF pp. 2–3.
Short citation: Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF pp. 2–3.
Footnote: Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF pp. 2–3. Analytical paraphrase; These are attributed secondary historical syntheses. Apparatus, aromatic-water production, distilled alcohol and drinkable whiskey are separate propositions. Chinese-elixir influence remains an attributed interpretation.
Bibliography: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
Usage map
No public History placement or active manuscript use claimed. Native relations connect the supplied artifact, evidence and analysis.