Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
The essay asserts that alcohol and mineral acids became known in the Islamic world after the transfer of European apparatus in the fourteenth century.
Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF p. 3. Analytical paraphrase; Preserve as a consequential source claim requiring corroboration, not a settled timeline event. The Japanese volatility terminology requires careful technical translation; no exact translated quotation is cleared. This statement does not establish first beverage distillation.
Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF p. 3.
PDF 3
PDF 3
Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF p. 3.
Alcohol and mineral-acid priority claim
Ready means the supplied artifact and locator can be recovered, not independent validation or publication approval. Japanese text visually read; no exact translation/quotation cleared. Exact supplied-edition date unverified; 2001 refers to related article lineage only.
No access / Whiskey Citations & Footnotes Database (USWA)
Citation-ready reference to the preserved supplied artifact; not publication approval.
Source and locator
No access · 
Supplied PDF 3–3; Alcohol and mineral-acid priority claim.
Formatted outputs
Full citation: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed. PDF p. 3.
Short citation: Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, PDF p. 3.
Footnote: Hiro Hirai, 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術, supplied Japanese PDF, PDF p. 3. Analytical paraphrase; Preserve as a consequential source claim requiring corroboration, not a settled timeline event. The Japanese volatility terminology requires careful technical translation; no exact translated quotation is cleared. This statement does not establish first beverage distillation.
Bibliography: Hirai, Hiro (ヒロ・ヒライ). 蒸留術とイスラム錬金術 [Distillation and Islamic Alchemy]. Supplied Japanese e-reader screenshot PDF, edition date unverified. Related article listed by the author in Aromatopia 48 (2001); exact supplied-edition identity not assumed.
Usage map
No public History placement or active manuscript use claimed. Native relations connect the supplied artifact, evidence and analysis.